Importing and Analyzing ‘Twitter’ Data Collected with ‘Twitter Archiving Google Sheets’
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Overview
The purpose of tidytags is to make the collection of Twitter data more accessible and robust. tidytags retrieves tweet data collected by a Twitter Archiving Google Sheet (TAGS), gets additional metadata from Twitter via the rtweet R package, and provides additional functions to facilitate a systematic yet flexible analyses of data from Twitter. TAGS is based on Google spreadsheets. A TAGS tracker continuously collects tweets from Twitter, based on predefined search criteria and collection frequency.
In short, tidytags first uses TAGS to easily collect tweet ID numbers and then uses the R package rtweet to re-query the Twitter API to collect additional metadata. tidytags also introduces functions developed to facilitate systematic yet flexible analyses of data from Twitter.
Two vignettes illustrate the setup and use of the package:
-
Getting started with tidytags (
vignette("setup", package = "tidytags")) -
Using tidytags with a conference hashtag (
vignette("tidytags-with-conf-hashtags", package = "tidytags"))
Installation
To get the current released version of tidytags from CRAN:
install.packages("tidytags")Or you can install the development version of tidytags from GitHub:
install.packages("tidytags", repos = "https://ropensci.r-universe.dev")Once installed, use the library() function load tidytags:
Setup
For help with initial tidytags setup, see the Getting started with tidytags vignette (vignette("setup", package = "tidytags")). Specifically, this guide offers help for two key tasks:
- Making sure your TAGS tracker can be accessed
- Getting and storing Twitter API tokens
Usage
To test the tidytags package, you can use an openly shared TAGS tracker that has been collecting tweets associated with the AECT 2019 since September 30, 2019. This is the same TAGS tracker used in the Using tidytags with a conference hashtag vignette (vignette("tidytags-with-conf-hashtags", package = "tidytags")).
Core Functions
read_tags()
At its most basic level, tidytags allows you to import data from a Twitter Archiving Google Sheet (TAGS) into R. This is done with the googlesheets4 R package. One requirement for using the googlesheets4 package is that your TAGS tracker has been “published to the web.” See the Getting started with tidytags vignette (vignette("setup", package = "tidytags")), Key Task #1, if you need help with this.
Once a TAGS tracker has been published to the web, you can import the TAGS archive into R using read_tags().
example_tags <- "18clYlQeJOc6W5QRuSlJ6_v3snqKJImFhU42bRkM_OX8"
tags_data <- read_tags(example_tags)
head(tags_data)
#> # A tibble: 6 × 18
#> id_str from_…¹ text creat…² time geo_c…³ user_…⁴ in_re…⁵
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dttm> <chr> <lgl> <chr>
#> 1 12519543127… Harrie… "RT … Sun Ap… 2020-04-19 20:22:23 <NA> NA <NA>
#> 2 12480641632… Patric… "RT … Thu Ap… 2020-04-09 02:44:19 <NA> NA <NA>
#> 3 12342069467… ELTAug… "RT … Sun Ma… 2020-03-01 20:00:40 <NA> NA <NA>
#> 4 12294053501… gsa_ae… "RT … Mon Fe… 2020-02-17 14:00:50 <NA> NA <NA>
#> 5 12276522438… fcis_iu "Giv… Wed Fe… 2020-02-12 17:54:38 <NA> NA <NA>
#> 6 12255051874… Stauff… "RT … Thu Fe… 2020-02-06 19:43:00 <NA> NA <NA>
#> # … with 10 more variables: in_reply_to_screen_name <chr>,
#> # from_user_id_str <chr>, in_reply_to_status_id_str <chr>, source <chr>,
#> # profile_image_url <chr>, user_followers_count <dbl>,
#> # user_friends_count <dbl>, user_location <chr>, status_url <chr>,
#> # entities_str <chr>, and abbreviated variable names ¹from_user, ²created_at,
#> # ³geo_coordinates, ⁴user_lang, ⁵in_reply_to_user_id_strpull_tweet_data()
With a TAGS archive imported into R, tidytags allows you to gather quite a bit more information related to the collected tweets with the pull_tweet_data() function. This function uses the rtweet package (via rtweet::lookup_tweets()) to query the Twitter API.
This process requires Twitter API keys associated with an approved Twitter developer account. See the Getting started with tidytags vignette (vignette("setup", package = "tidytags")), Key Task #2, if you need help with this.
app <- rtweet::rtweet_app(bearer_token = Sys.getenv("TWITTER_BEARER_TOKEN"))
rtweet::auth_as(app)
expanded_metadata <- pull_tweet_data(tags_data, n = 10)
expanded_metadata
#> created_at id id_str
#> 1 2020-04-19 15:22:23 1.251954e+18 1251954312772812801
#> 2 2020-02-17 09:00:51 1.229405e+18 1229405350178127872
#> 3 2020-02-05 14:23:27 1.225138e+18 1225137879921385472
#> 4 2020-02-05 13:21:36 1.225122e+18 1225122317849657345
#> 5 2020-01-21 18:07:15 1.219758e+18 1219758386436165633
#> 6 2020-01-19 18:46:51 1.219044e+18 1219043574555299840
#> text
#> 1 RT @RoutledgeEd: Congrats to authors Joseph Rene Corbeil, Maria Elena Corbeil, and (not pictured) Badrul Khan, who received the Outstanding…
#> 2 RT @tadousay: Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #…
#> 3 RT @tadousay: Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #…
#> 4 Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #uidaho's Ken Cox, a first year doc student in our C&I program and a member of my #UISTEMEdRG. https://t.co/8MuP9Mza8f #aect #aect20 #aect19
#> 5 RT @AECT: The #AECT19 convention proceedings are available! The papers published in these volumes were presented at the annual AECT Convent…
#> 6 RT @AECT: The #AECT19 convention proceedings are available! The papers published in these volumes were presented at the annual AECT Convent…
#> full_text
#> 1 RT @RoutledgeEd: Congrats to authors Joseph Rene Corbeil, Maria Elena Corbeil, and (not pictured) Badrul Khan, who received the Outstanding…
#> 2 RT @tadousay: Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #…
#> 3 RT @tadousay: Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #…
#> 4 Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #uidaho's Ken Cox, a first year doc student in our C&I program and a member of my #UISTEMEdRG. https://t.co/8MuP9Mza8f #aect #aect20 #aect19
#> 5 RT @AECT: The #AECT19 convention proceedings are available! The papers published in these volumes were presented at the annual AECT Convent…
#> 6 RT @AECT: The #AECT19 convention proceedings are available! The papers published in these volumes were presented at the annual AECT Convent…
#> truncated
#> 1 FALSE
#> 2 FALSE
#> 3 FALSE
#> 4 FALSE
#> 5 FALSE
#> 6 FALSE
#> entities
#> 1 NA, NA, NA, NA, RoutledgeEd, Routledge Education Books, 27606068, 27606068, 3, 15, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA
#> 2 NA, NA, NA, NA, tadousay, AECTTechTrends, gsa_aect, Dr. Tonia A. Dousay, TechTrends Editor, AECT GSA, 14215524, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 14215524, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 3, 29, 64, 12, 44, 73, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA
#> 3 NA, NA, NA, NA, tadousay, AECTTechTrends, gsa_aect, Dr. Tonia A. Dousay, TechTrends Editor, AECT GSA, 14215524, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 14215524, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 3, 29, 64, 12, 44, 73, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA
#> 4 uidaho, UISTEMEdRG, aect, aect20, aect19, 124, 131, 210, 221, 247, 252, 253, 260, 261, 268, NA, NA, AECTTechTrends, gsa_aect, TechTrends Editor, AECT GSA, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 15, 50, 30, 59, https://t.co/8MuP9Mza8f, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00477-5, doi.org/10.1007/s11528…, 223, 246, NA
#> 5 AECT19, 14, 21, NA, NA, AECT, ✵ AECT ✵, 12030342, 12030342, 3, 8, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA
#> 6 AECT19, 14, 21, NA, NA, AECT, ✵ AECT ✵, 12030342, 12030342, 3, 8, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA
#> source
#> 1 <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com" rel="nofollow">Twitter Web App</a>
#> 2 <a href="https://about.twitter.com/products/tweetdeck" rel="nofollow">TweetDeck</a>
#> 3 <a href="http://twitter.com/download/android" rel="nofollow">Twitter for Android</a>
#> 4 <a href="https://about.twitter.com/products/tweetdeck" rel="nofollow">TweetDeck</a>
#> 5 <a href="https://about.twitter.com/products/tweetdeck" rel="nofollow">TweetDeck</a>
#> 6 <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com" rel="nofollow">Twitter Web App</a>
#> in_reply_to_status_id in_reply_to_status_id_str in_reply_to_user_id
#> 1 NA NA NA
#> 2 NA NA NA
#> 3 NA NA NA
#> 4 NA NA NA
#> 5 NA NA NA
#> 6 NA NA NA
#> in_reply_to_user_id_str in_reply_to_screen_name geo coordinates
#> 1 NA NA NULL NA, NA, NA
#> 2 NA NA NULL NA, NA, NA
#> 3 NA NA NULL NA, NA, NA
#> 4 NA NA NULL NA, NA, NA
#> 5 NA NA NULL NA, NA, NA
#> 6 NA NA NULL NA, NA, NA
#> place contributors is_quote_status retweet_count
#> 1 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA NA FALSE 4
#> 2 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA NA FALSE 2
#> 3 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA NA FALSE 2
#> 4 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA NA FALSE 2
#> 5 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA NA FALSE 9
#> 6 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA NA FALSE 9
#> favorite_count favorited favorited_by retweeted scopes lang
#> 1 0 FALSE NA FALSE NA en
#> 2 0 FALSE NA FALSE NA en
#> 3 0 FALSE NA FALSE NA en
#> 4 7 FALSE NA FALSE NA en
#> 5 0 FALSE NA FALSE NA en
#> 6 0 FALSE NA FALSE NA en
#> possibly_sensitive display_text_width display_text_range
#> 1 NA NA 140
#> 2 NA NA 140
#> 3 NA NA 140
#> 4 FALSE NA 268
#> 5 NA NA 140
#> 6 NA NA 140
#> retweeted_status
#> 1 Wed Oct 23 21:58:17 +0000 2019, 1187126122376392704, 1187126122376392704, Congrats to authors Joseph Rene Corbeil, Maria Elena Corbeil, and (not pictured) Badrul Khan, who received the Outstanding Book Award from #AECT2019’s Culture, Learning, and Technology division — a global treatment of #learninganalytics and #educationaldatamining. https://t.co/aG1kf7a5ew, FALSE, 0, 264, AECT2019, learninganalytics, educationaldatamining, 139, 148, 218, 236, 241, 263, 1187126100159164416, 1187126100159164416, 265, 288, http://pbs.twimg.com/media/EHmE5f-U8AA6_mM.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EHmE5f-U8AA6_mM.jpg, https://t.co/aG1kf7a5ew, pic.twitter.com/aG1kf7a5ew, https://twitter.com/RoutledgeEd/status/1187126122376392704/photo/1, photo, 150, 150, crop, 1536, 2048, fit, 900, 1200, fit, 510, 680, fit, 1187126100159164416, 1187126100159164416, 265, 288, http://pbs.twimg.com/media/EHmE5f-U8AA6_mM.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EHmE5f-U8AA6_mM.jpg, https://t.co/aG1kf7a5ew, pic.twitter.com/aG1kf7a5ew, https://twitter.com/RoutledgeEd/status/1187126122376392704/photo/1, photo, 150, 150, crop, 1536, 2048, fit, 900, 1200, fit, 510, 680, fit, NA, <a href="http://twitter.com/download/iphone" rel="nofollow">Twitter for iPhone</a>, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 27606068, 27606068, Routledge Education Books, RoutledgeEd, Global, Supporting educators, teachers, scholars and students with informative and practical books based on leading research and classroom practice., http://t.co/j4LZK9ypti, http://t.co/j4LZK9ypti, http://www.routledge.com/education, routledge.com/education, 0, 22, FALSE, 13911, 3276, 233, Mon Mar 30 08:33:32 +0000 2009, 2785, NA, NA, TRUE, FALSE, 10328, NA, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 6A9ADA, http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme15/bg.png, https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme15/bg.png, FALSE, http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/461891534913167362/Uo2i4Z3P_normal.jpeg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/461891534913167362/Uo2i4Z3P_normal.jpeg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/27606068/1629726175, NA, NA, 6A9ADA, FFFFFF, C0DFEC, 333333, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, NA, NA, NA, none, NA, NA, NA, NA, FALSE, 4, 5, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, en
#> 2 Wed Feb 05 18:21:36 +0000 2020, 1225122317849657344, 1225122317849657345, Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #uidaho's Ken Cox, a first year doc student in our C&I program and a member of my #UISTEMEdRG. https://t.co/8MuP9Mza8f #aect #aect20 #aect19, FALSE, 0, 268, uidaho, UISTEMEdRG, aect, aect20, aect19, 124, 131, 210, 221, 247, 252, 253, 260, 261, 268, AECTTechTrends, gsa_aect, TechTrends Editor, AECT GSA, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 15, 30, 50, 59, https://t.co/8MuP9Mza8f, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00477-5, doi.org/10.1007/s11528…, 223, 246, <a href="https://about.twitter.com/products/tweetdeck" rel="nofollow">TweetDeck</a>, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 14215524, 14215524, Dr. Tonia A. Dousay, tadousay, Anchorage, AK, ❖ @UAAnchorage Professor ⋄ Dean of #UAASOE ⋄ @TAMU BS '98 MS '00 ⋄ @UniversityofGA PhD '13 ⋄ #disted ⋄ #edtech ⋄ #teachered ⋄ #instructionaldesign ❖, https://t.co/ze9wrqUbH4, https://t.co/ze9wrqUbH4, https://brill.com/view/title/63987, brill.com/view/title/639…, 0, 23, FALSE, 2230, 1328, 176, Tue Mar 25 13:56:07 +0000 2008, 4269, NA, NA, TRUE, FALSE, 12277, NA, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 000000, http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme9/bg.gif, https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme9/bg.gif, FALSE, http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1593000038036541440/uS2C5ATq_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1593000038036541440/uS2C5ATq_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/14215524/1664215281, NA, NA, FAB81E, 000000, 000000, 000000, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, NA, NA, NA, none, NA, NA, NA, NA, FALSE, 2, 7, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, en
#> 3 Wed Feb 05 18:21:36 +0000 2020, 1225122317849657344, 1225122317849657345, Many thanks to @AECTTechTrends for supporting our @gsa_aect with the Grad Member Musings column! The latest guest author is #uidaho's Ken Cox, a first year doc student in our C&I program and a member of my #UISTEMEdRG. https://t.co/8MuP9Mza8f #aect #aect20 #aect19, FALSE, 0, 268, uidaho, UISTEMEdRG, aect, aect20, aect19, 124, 131, 210, 221, 247, 252, 253, 260, 261, 268, AECTTechTrends, gsa_aect, TechTrends Editor, AECT GSA, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 804807943, 922536306437181440, 15, 30, 50, 59, https://t.co/8MuP9Mza8f, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00477-5, doi.org/10.1007/s11528…, 223, 246, <a href="https://about.twitter.com/products/tweetdeck" rel="nofollow">TweetDeck</a>, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 14215524, 14215524, Dr. Tonia A. Dousay, tadousay, Anchorage, AK, ❖ @UAAnchorage Professor ⋄ Dean of #UAASOE ⋄ @TAMU BS '98 MS '00 ⋄ @UniversityofGA PhD '13 ⋄ #disted ⋄ #edtech ⋄ #teachered ⋄ #instructionaldesign ❖, https://t.co/ze9wrqUbH4, https://t.co/ze9wrqUbH4, https://brill.com/view/title/63987, brill.com/view/title/639…, 0, 23, FALSE, 2230, 1328, 176, Tue Mar 25 13:56:07 +0000 2008, 4269, NA, NA, TRUE, FALSE, 12277, NA, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 000000, http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme9/bg.gif, https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme9/bg.gif, FALSE, http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1593000038036541440/uS2C5ATq_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1593000038036541440/uS2C5ATq_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/14215524/1664215281, NA, NA, FAB81E, 000000, 000000, 000000, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, NA, NA, NA, none, NA, NA, NA, NA, FALSE, 2, 7, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, en
#> 4 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA
#> 5 Sat Jan 18 15:00:08 +0000 2020, 1218548635333545984, 1218548635333545984, The #AECT19 convention proceedings are available! The papers published in these volumes were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Las Vegas last October. https://t.co/YWd4W72eEn https://t.co/gGnVfbJ7vu, FALSE, 0, 183, AECT19, 4, 11, https://t.co/YWd4W72eEn, http://bit.ly/AECT19proceedings, bit.ly/AECT19proceedi…, 160, 183, 1218548626764587008, 1218548626764587008, 184, 207, http://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://t.co/gGnVfbJ7vu, pic.twitter.com/gGnVfbJ7vu, https://twitter.com/AECT/status/1218548635333545984/photo/1, photo, 150, 150, crop, 1200, 628, fit, 680, 356, fit, 1200, 628, fit, 1218548626764587008, 1218548626764587008, 184, 207, http://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://t.co/gGnVfbJ7vu, pic.twitter.com/gGnVfbJ7vu, https://twitter.com/AECT/status/1218548635333545984/photo/1, photo, 150, 150, crop, 1200, 628, fit, 680, 356, fit, 1200, 628, fit, NA, <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com" rel="nofollow">Twitter Web App</a>, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 12030342, 12030342, ✵ AECT ✵, AECT, Worldwide, [Association for Educational Communications & Technology] Supporting #educators & #professionals dedicated to improving #instruction through #technology., https://t.co/s2f9IMQQQ6, https://t.co/s2f9IMQQQ6, http://aect.org, aect.org, 0, 23, FALSE, 4806, 567, 122, Wed Jan 09 15:38:18 +0000 2008, 3928, NA, NA, TRUE, FALSE, 3514, NA, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, C0DEED, http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png, https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png, FALSE, http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1057649830879748096/-gzHp1_5_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1057649830879748096/-gzHp1_5_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/12030342/1673302715, NA, NA, 1DA1F2, C0DEED, DDEEF6, 333333, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, NA, NA, NA, none, NA, NA, NA, NA, FALSE, 9, 21, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, en
#> 6 Sat Jan 18 15:00:08 +0000 2020, 1218548635333545984, 1218548635333545984, The #AECT19 convention proceedings are available! The papers published in these volumes were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Las Vegas last October. https://t.co/YWd4W72eEn https://t.co/gGnVfbJ7vu, FALSE, 0, 183, AECT19, 4, 11, https://t.co/YWd4W72eEn, http://bit.ly/AECT19proceedings, bit.ly/AECT19proceedi…, 160, 183, 1218548626764587008, 1218548626764587008, 184, 207, http://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://t.co/gGnVfbJ7vu, pic.twitter.com/gGnVfbJ7vu, https://twitter.com/AECT/status/1218548635333545984/photo/1, photo, 150, 150, crop, 1200, 628, fit, 680, 356, fit, 1200, 628, fit, 1218548626764587008, 1218548626764587008, 184, 207, http://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EOknhRfX4AAM1M2.jpg, https://t.co/gGnVfbJ7vu, pic.twitter.com/gGnVfbJ7vu, https://twitter.com/AECT/status/1218548635333545984/photo/1, photo, 150, 150, crop, 1200, 628, fit, 680, 356, fit, 1200, 628, fit, NA, <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com" rel="nofollow">Twitter Web App</a>, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 12030342, 12030342, ✵ AECT ✵, AECT, Worldwide, [Association for Educational Communications & Technology] Supporting #educators & #professionals dedicated to improving #instruction through #technology., https://t.co/s2f9IMQQQ6, https://t.co/s2f9IMQQQ6, http://aect.org, aect.org, 0, 23, FALSE, 4806, 567, 122, Wed Jan 09 15:38:18 +0000 2008, 3928, NA, NA, TRUE, FALSE, 3514, NA, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, C0DEED, http://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png, https://abs.twimg.com/images/themes/theme1/bg.png, FALSE, http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1057649830879748096/-gzHp1_5_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1057649830879748096/-gzHp1_5_normal.jpg, https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/12030342/1673302715, NA, NA, 1DA1F2, C0DEED, DDEEF6, 333333, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, NA, NA, NA, none, NA, NA, NA, NA, FALSE, 9, 21, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, en
#> quoted_status quoted_status_id quoted_status_id_str quoted_status_permalink
#> 1 NA NA NA NA
#> 2 NA NA NA NA
#> 3 NA NA NA NA
#> 4 NA NA NA NA
#> 5 NA NA NA NA
#> 6 NA NA NA NA
#> quote_count timestamp_ms reply_count filter_level metadata query
#> 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA
#> withheld_scope withheld_copyright withheld_in_countries
#> 1 NA NA NA
#> 2 NA NA NA
#> 3 NA NA NA
#> 4 NA NA NA
#> 5 NA NA NA
#> 6 NA NA NA
#> possibly_sensitive_appealable user_id user_id_str
#> 1 NA 8.048079e+08 804807943
#> 2 NA 1.421552e+07 14215524
#> 3 NA 1.088189e+18 1088189033266798598
#> 4 NA 1.251952e+18 1251951804398669825
#> 5 NA 9.225363e+17 922536306437181440
#> 6 NA 9.225363e+17 922536306437181440
#> name screen_name location
#> 1 TechTrends Editor AECTTechTrends
#> 2 Dr. Tonia A. Dousay tadousay Anchorage, AK
#> 3 AECT Division of Distance Learning aectddl
#> 4 Harriet Watkins Harriet96152202
#> 5 AECT GSA gsa_aect
#> 6 AECT GSA gsa_aect
#> description
#> 1 Tweets from the Editor of TechTrends, an AECT journal
#> 2 ❖ @UAAnchorage Professor ⋄ Dean of #UAASOE ⋄ @TAMU BS '98 MS '00 ⋄ @UniversityofGA PhD '13 ⋄ #disted ⋄ #edtech ⋄ #teachered ⋄ #instructionaldesign ❖
#> 3 The Division of Distance Learning is a special interest group of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT).
#> 4 Love educational technology, online learning and just all the things … higher ed!
#> 5 The official account of the Graduate Student Assembly for the Association of EducationalCommunications and Technology
#> 6 The official account of the Graduate Student Assembly for the Association of EducationalCommunications and Technology
#> url protected followers_count friends_count listed_count
#> 1 <NA> FALSE 2067 15 57
#> 2 https://t.co/ze9wrqUbH4 FALSE 2230 1328 176
#> 3 https://t.co/Rg9uXQTkSM FALSE 907 512 5
#> 4 https://t.co/ztRaRj9BLo FALSE 7 18 0
#> 5 https://t.co/q7YOUUT2x7 FALSE 450 48 4
#> 6 https://t.co/q7YOUUT2x7 FALSE 450 48 4
#> user_created_at favourites_count verified statuses_count
#> 1 Wed Sep 05 15:17:03 +0000 2012 770 FALSE 1390
#> 2 Tue Mar 25 13:56:07 +0000 2008 4269 FALSE 12277
#> 3 Wed Jan 23 21:37:37 +0000 2019 264 FALSE 279
#> 4 Sun Apr 19 19:12:33 +0000 2020 9 FALSE 9
#> 5 Mon Oct 23 18:52:50 +0000 2017 160 FALSE 2409
#> 6 Mon Oct 23 18:52:50 +0000 2017 160 FALSE 2409
#> profile_image_url_https
#> 1 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/817129539809714177/Px0jTTcg_normal.jpg
#> 2 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1593000038036541440/uS2C5ATq_normal.jpg
#> 3 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1371865688034451461/12PtxK7K_normal.png
#> 4 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1251951950163255299/cxSX369n_normal.jpg
#> 5 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1025847363615641600/1UylGRlO_normal.jpg
#> 6 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1025847363615641600/1UylGRlO_normal.jpg
#> profile_banner_url
#> 1 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/804807943/1483653902
#> 2 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/14215524/1664215281
#> 3 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/1088189033266798598/1548280679
#> 4 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/1251951804398669825/1587323939
#> 5 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/922536306437181440/1531449088
#> 6 https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_banners/922536306437181440/1531449088
#> default_profile default_profile_image user_withheld_in_countries derived
#> 1 TRUE FALSE NULL
#> 2 FALSE FALSE NULL
#> 3 FALSE FALSE NULL
#> 4 TRUE FALSE NULL
#> 5 TRUE FALSE NULL
#> 6 TRUE FALSE NULL
#> user_withheld_scope
#> 1 NA
#> 2 NA
#> 3 NA
#> 4 NA
#> 5 NA
#> 6 NA
#> user_entities
#> 1 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA
#> 2 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, https://t.co/ze9wrqUbH4, https://brill.com/view/title/63987, brill.com/view/title/639…, 0, 23, NA
#> 3 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, https://t.co/Rg9uXQTkSM, https://aect.org/ddl.php, aect.org/ddl.php, 0, 23, NA
#> 4 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, https://t.co/ztRaRj9BLo, https://harrietwatkins.com/, harrietwatkins.com, 0, 23, NA
#> 5 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, https://t.co/q7YOUUT2x7, https://aect.connectedcommunity.org/graduatestudentassembly/home, aect.connectedcommunity.org/graduatestuden…, 0, 23, NA
#> 6 NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, https://t.co/q7YOUUT2x7, https://aect.connectedcommunity.org/graduatestudentassembly/home, aect.connectedcommunity.org/graduatestuden…, 0, 23, NAWorkflow
The following diagram represents how the functions included in the tidytags package may work together. These are presented in the figure below.
Learning More About tidytags
For a walkthrough of numerous additional tidytags functions, see the Using tidytags with a conference hashtag vignette (vignette("tidytags-with-conf-hashtags", package = "tidytags")).
Getting Help
tidytags is still a work in progress, so we fully expect that there are still some bugs to work out and functions to document better. If you find an issue, have a question, or think of something that you really wish tidytags would do for you, don’t hesitate to email Bret or reach out on Twitter: @bretsw and @jrosenberg6432.
You can also submit an issue on GitHub.
You may also wish to try some general troubleshooting strategies:
- Try to find out what the specific problem is
- Identify what is not causing the problem
- “Unplug and plug it back in” - restart R, close and reopen R
- Reach out to others! Sharing what is causing an issue can often help to clarify the problem.
- RStudio Community - https://community.rstudio.com/ (highly recommended!)
- Twitter hashtag: #rstats
- General strategies on learning more: https://datascienceineducation.com/c17.html
Considerations Related to Ethics, Data Privacy, and Human Subjects Research
tidytags should be used in strict accordance with Twitter’s developer terms.
Although most Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) consider the Twitter data that tidytags analyzes to not necessarily be human subjects research, there remain ethical considerations pertaining to the use of the tidytags package that should be discussed.
Even if tidytags use is not for research purposes (or if an IRB determines that a study is not human subjects research), “the release of personally identifiable or sensitive data is potentially harmful,” as noted in the rOpenSci Packages guide. Therefore, although you can collect Twitter data (and you can use tidytags to analyze it), we urge care and thoughtfulness regarding how you analyze the data and communicate the results. In short, please remember that most (if not all) of the data you collect may be about people—and those people may not like the idea of their data being analyzed or included in research.
We recommend the Association of Internet Researchers’ (AoIR) resources related to conducting analyses in ethical ways when working with data about people. AoIR’s ethical guidelines may be especially helpful for navigating tensions related to collecting, analyzing, and sharing social media data.
Contributing
If you encounter an obvious bug for which there is not already an active issue, please create a new issue with all code used (preferably a reproducible example) on GitHub.
If you would like to become a more involved contributor, please read the Contributing Guide.
Contributor Code of Conduct
Please note that this package is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
How to Cite This Package in Publications
You can cite this package like this: “we collected, processed, and analyzed Twitter data using the tidytags R package (Staudt Willet & Rosenberg, 2022)”. Here is the full bibliographic reference to include in your reference list:
Staudt Willet, K. B., & Rosenberg, J. M. (2022). tidytags: Importing and analyzing Twitter data collected with Twitter Archiving Google Sheets. https://github.com/ropensci/tidytags
License
The tidytags package is licensed under the MIT License. For background on why we chose this license, read this chapter on R package licensing.