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  1. Desde nombres taxonomicos a alineamientos
  2. Guardando objetos intermedios

Desde nombres taxonomicos a alineamientos

Let’s learn how phruta works by assembling a molecular dataset at the species level for a few mammal clades. For this tutorial, assume that we need to build a tree for the following three genera: Felis, Vulpes, and Phoca. All three genera are classified within the order Carnivora. Both Felis and Vulpes are classified in different superfamilies within the suborder Fissipedia. Phoca is part of another suborder, Pinnipedia. We’re going to root our tree with another mammal species, the Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla). Please note that you can select as many target clades and species as you need. However, for simplicity, we will run the analyses using three genera in the ingroup and a single outgroup species.

We have decided the taxonomic make of our analyses. However, we also need to determine the genes that we could use to infer our phylogeny. Fortunately, mammals are extensively studied. For instance, a comprehensive list of potential gene regions to be analyzed for species in this clade is already available in Upham et al (2009). For this tutorial, we will try to find the gene regions are well sampled specifically for the target taxa. I believe that figuring out the best sampled gene regions in genbank, instead of providing names, is potentially more valuable when working with poorly studied groups. For this tutorial, all the objects that are created using functions in phruta will be stored in your environment. None of these files will be exported to your working directory. If instead you were interested in exporting the outcomes of particular functions in phruta, please follow the tutorial in “To export or not export `phruta` outputs”. Both vignettes aim to assemble a molecular dataset for the same set of taxa under the same approach in phruta.

Let’s get started with this tutorial by loading phruta!

Let’s now look for the gene regions that are extensively sampled in our target taxa. For this, we will use the gene.sampling.retrieve() function in phruta. The resulting data.frame, named gs.seqs in this example, will contain the list of full names for genes sampled in genbank for the target taxa.

gs.seqs <- gene.sampling.retrieve(organism = c("Felis", "Vulpes", "Phoca", "Manis_pentadactyla"), 
                                  speciesSampling = TRUE)

For the search terms, phruta was able to retrieve the names for 1366 gene regions. The frequency estimates per gene are based on inter-specific sampling.

Gene sampling for the search including the genera Felis, Vulpes, Phoca as the ingroup taxa. Manis pentadactyla was used as outgroup.
Gene Sampled in N species PercentOfSampledSpecies
cytochrome b 26 76.47059
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 14 41.17647
cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 12 35.29412
12S ribosomal RNA 11 32.35294
cytochrome c oxidase subunit I 11 32.35294
growth hormone receptor 11 32.35294

The gene.sampling.retrieve provides an estimate of the number of species in genbank (matching the taxonomic criteria of the search term) that have sequences for a given gene region. However, this estimate is only as good as the annotations for genes deposited in genbank.

From here, we will generate a preliminary summary of the accession numbers sampled for the combination of target taxa and gene regions. In fact, not all these accession numbers are expected to be in the final (curated) molecular dataset. Using the acc.table.retrieve function, we will assemble a species-level summary of accession numbers (hence the speciesLevel = TRUE argument). For simplicity, this tutorial will focus on sampling gene regions that are sampled in >30% of the species (targetGenes data.frame).

targetGenes <- gs.seqs[gs.seqs$PercentOfSampledSpecies > 30,]

acc.table <- acc.table.retrieve(
            clades  = c('Felis', 'Vulpes', 'Phoca'),
            species = 'Manis_pentadactyla',
            genes = targetGenes$Gene,
            speciesLevel = TRUE
          )

The acc.table object is a data.frame that is later on going to be used for downloading locally the relevant gene sequences. In this case, the dataset includes the following information:

Accession numbers for the relevant species and gene regions examined in this tutorial.
Species Ti Acc gene
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris silvestris isolate FS_101 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene, complete cds; tRNA-Glu gene, complete sequence; and cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OL654361 cytochrome b
Felis catus Felis catus MKRaS008 mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b, partial cds LC649705 cytochrome b
Felis chaus Felis chaus isolate Jungle Cat 5 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MN370575 cytochrome b
Felis environmental Felis environmental sample isolate Kw-170 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MK510873 cytochrome b
Felis margarita Felis margarita haplotype AH NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes, partial cds; and tRNA-Thr gene and D-loop, partial sequence; mitochondrial MK606132 cytochrome b
Felis bieti Felis bieti cytochrome b gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AY773081 cytochrome b
F.domesticus mitochondrial F.domesticus mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82296 cytochrome b
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes isolate LH198 haplotype FOX14 cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MK244493 cytochrome b
Vulpes corsac Vulpes corsac isolate SH21 cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial MT795179 cytochrome b
Vulpes zerda Vulpes zerda isolate X161349 cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MH854561 cytochrome b
Vulpes cana Vulpes cana isolate B.F.Y3 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KU378587 cytochrome b
Vulpes rueppellii Vulpes rueppellii isolate R.F.Y6 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KU378373 cytochrome b
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus haplotype 5 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KX093945 cytochrome b
Vulpes ferrilata Vulpes ferrilata haplotype 1 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial EU872065 cytochrome b
Vulpes macrotis Vulpes macrotis cytochrome b (cytb) gene, mitochondrial gene encoding mitochondrial protein, partial cds AF028157 cytochrome b
Vulpes pallida Vulpes pallida haplotype PMa2 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KJ597964 cytochrome b
Phoca largha Phoca largha PLCBRe4 mitochondrial cytb gene for cytochrome b, partial cds LC466149 cytochrome b
Pagophilus groenlandicus Pagophilus groenlandicus cytochrome b gene, partial cds; mitochondrial gene for mitochondrial product AF200491 cytochrome b
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica cytochrome b (cytb) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU174609 cytochrome b
Phoca fasciata Phoca fasciata cytochrome b (cytb) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU167294 cytochrome b
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, partial cds L19127 cytochrome b
P.vitulina mitochondrial P.vitulina mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82306 cytochrome b
P.largha mitochondrial P.largha mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82305 cytochrome b
P.groenlandica mitochondrial P.groenlandica mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82303 cytochrome b
P.fasciata mitochondrial P.fasciata mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82302 cytochrome b
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla isolate ST08 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MW197469 cytochrome b
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris silvestris isolate FS_101 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene, complete cds; tRNA-Glu gene, complete sequence; and cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OL654361 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis catus Felis catus isolate 4709-K NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene, complete cds; tRNA-Glu gene, complete sequence; and cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MN313781 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis margarita Felis margarita haplotype AH NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes, partial cds; and tRNA-Thr gene and D-loop, partial sequence; mitochondrial MK606132 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis chaus Felis chaus isolate JCAIZ003 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial GU561700 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis nigripes Felis nigripes NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AF006400 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis libyca Felis libyca NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AF006396 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 (ATP6), ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 (ATP8), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COX3), cytochrome b (CYTB), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (ND4L), and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) genes, complete cds; mitochondrial AH014073 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial gene for mitochondrial product AY377376 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Phoca fasciata Phoca fasciata NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU167331 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis catus Felis catus voucher Cat_KU cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MN124254 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Felis nigripes Felis nigripes voucher NZG:BWP38761 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KX012677 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Felis margarita Felis margarita voucher 198_Fe_mar cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KF297765 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes voucher BIOUG:HBL008452 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443560 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes chama Vulpes chama voucher NZG:BWP38701 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KX012672 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus voucher HBL008485 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443554 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes velox Vulpes velox voucher ROM 105399 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443557 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina voucher HBL008389 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443364 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Phoca largha Phoca largha voucher HBL008423 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443363 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica voucher HBL008364 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443362 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla isolate KFBG_HZ0050 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KT428152 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Felis catus Felis catus voucher N22b 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KX786344 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis chaus Felis chaus isolate G 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KU963205 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KX002032 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis bieti Felis bieti 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial AY773084 12S ribosomal RNA
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes Vv1 mitochondrial gene for 12S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence LC424764 12S ribosomal RNA
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus isolate FRT12 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KM224240 12S ribosomal RNA
Phoca fasciata Phoca fasciata isolate 5888 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial GU174595 12S ribosomal RNA
Phoca largha Phoca largha isolate 06spotted03 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial GU174591 12S ribosomal RNA
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; and tRNA-Val gene, complete sequence; mitochondrial AY012154 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris voucher 77_Fe_sil cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial sequence; nuclear copy of mitochondrial gene KF297804 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Felis catus Felis catus voucher 191_Fe_cat cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial sequence; nuclear copy of mitochondrial gene KF297802 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Felis chaus Felis chaus cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KJ634464 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes isolate MGL-60 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OP967903 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes corsac Vulpes corsac isolate MGL-36 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OP967720 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus isolate VL1 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MT731651 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Alopex lagopus Alopex lagopus cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AY894421 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes macrotis Vulpes macrotis cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, mitochondrial gene encoding mitochondrial protein, partial cds AF028205 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes zerda Vulpes zerda cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, mitochondrial gene encoding mitochondrial protein, partial cds AF028194 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina vitulina isolate Atlantic harbor seal D cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; tRNA-Ser and tRNA-Asp genes, complete sequence; and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU733705 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla isolate ASIZFZ002032 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OM220069 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Felis catus Felis catus growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205829 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885401 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes macrotis Vulpes macrotis growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885400 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes corsac Vulpes corsac growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885399 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes zerda Vulpes zerda growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885393 growth hormone receptor
Alopex lagopus Alopex lagopus growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885379 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes velox Vulpes velox growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205838 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205837 growth hormone receptor
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds GU931127 growth hormone receptor
Phoca largha Phoca largha growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205827 growth hormone receptor
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205825 growth hormone receptor
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, exon 10 and partial cds EU448992 growth hormone receptor

Feel free to review this dataset, make changes, add new species, samples, etc. The integrity of this dataset is critical for the next steps so please take your time and review it carefully. Let’s just make some minor changes to our dataset:

acc.table$Species <- sub("P.", "Phoca ", acc.table$Species, fixed = TRUE)
acc.table$Species <- sub("F.", "Felis ", acc.table$Species, fixed = TRUE)
acc.table$Species <- sub("V.", "Vulpes ", acc.table$Species, fixed = TRUE)
acc.table$Species <- sub("mitochondrial", "", acc.table$Species)
row.names(acc.table) <- NULL

Let’s check how the new table looks now…

Updated Table 2 with some minor corrections on species names. Other updates to this table include adding more sequences, using specific sequences (instead of the ones suggested by phruta).
Species Ti Acc gene
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris silvestris isolate FS_101 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene, complete cds; tRNA-Glu gene, complete sequence; and cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OL654361 cytochrome b
Felis catus Felis catus MKRaS008 mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b, partial cds LC649705 cytochrome b
Felis chaus Felis chaus isolate Jungle Cat 5 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MN370575 cytochrome b
Felis environmental Felis environmental sample isolate Kw-170 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MK510873 cytochrome b
Felis margarita Felis margarita haplotype AH NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes, partial cds; and tRNA-Thr gene and D-loop, partial sequence; mitochondrial MK606132 cytochrome b
Felis bieti Felis bieti cytochrome b gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AY773081 cytochrome b
Felis domesticus F.domesticus mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82296 cytochrome b
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes isolate LH198 haplotype FOX14 cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MK244493 cytochrome b
Vulpes corsac Vulpes corsac isolate SH21 cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial MT795179 cytochrome b
Vulpes zerda Vulpes zerda isolate X161349 cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MH854561 cytochrome b
Vulpes cana Vulpes cana isolate B.F.Y3 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KU378587 cytochrome b
Vulpes rueppellii Vulpes rueppellii isolate R.F.Y6 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KU378373 cytochrome b
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus haplotype 5 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KX093945 cytochrome b
Vulpes ferrilata Vulpes ferrilata haplotype 1 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial EU872065 cytochrome b
Vulpes macrotis Vulpes macrotis cytochrome b (cytb) gene, mitochondrial gene encoding mitochondrial protein, partial cds AF028157 cytochrome b
Vulpes pallida Vulpes pallida haplotype PMa2 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KJ597964 cytochrome b
Phoca largha Phoca largha PLCBRe4 mitochondrial cytb gene for cytochrome b, partial cds LC466149 cytochrome b
Pagophilus groenlandicus Pagophilus groenlandicus cytochrome b gene, partial cds; mitochondrial gene for mitochondrial product AF200491 cytochrome b
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica cytochrome b (cytb) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU174609 cytochrome b
Phoca fasciata Phoca fasciata cytochrome b (cytb) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU167294 cytochrome b
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, partial cds L19127 cytochrome b
Phoca vitulina P.vitulina mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82306 cytochrome b
Phoca largha P.largha mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82305 cytochrome b
Phoca groenlandica P.groenlandica mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82303 cytochrome b
Phoca fasciata P.fasciata mitochondrial cytochrome b gene X82302 cytochrome b
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla isolate ST08 cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MW197469 cytochrome b
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris silvestris isolate FS_101 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene, complete cds; tRNA-Glu gene, complete sequence; and cytochrome b (cytb) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OL654361 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis catus Felis catus isolate 4709-K NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene, complete cds; tRNA-Glu gene, complete sequence; and cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MN313781 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis margarita Felis margarita haplotype AH NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes, partial cds; and tRNA-Thr gene and D-loop, partial sequence; mitochondrial MK606132 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis chaus Felis chaus isolate JCAIZ003 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial GU561700 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis nigripes Felis nigripes NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AF006400 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis libyca Felis libyca NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AF006396 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 (ATP6), ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 (ATP8), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COX3), cytochrome b (CYTB), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (ND4L), and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) genes, complete cds; mitochondrial AH014073 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial gene for mitochondrial product AY377376 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Phoca fasciata Phoca fasciata NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU167331 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
Felis catus Felis catus voucher Cat_KU cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MN124254 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Felis nigripes Felis nigripes voucher NZG:BWP38761 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KX012677 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Felis margarita Felis margarita voucher 198_Fe_mar cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KF297765 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes voucher BIOUG:HBL008452 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443560 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes chama Vulpes chama voucher NZG:BWP38701 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KX012672 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus voucher HBL008485 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443554 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Vulpes velox Vulpes velox voucher ROM 105399 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443557 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina voucher HBL008389 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443364 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Phoca largha Phoca largha voucher HBL008423 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443363 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica voucher HBL008364 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial JF443362 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla isolate KFBG_HZ0050 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KT428152 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
Felis catus Felis catus voucher N22b 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KX786344 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis chaus Felis chaus isolate G 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KU963205 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KX002032 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis bieti Felis bieti 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial AY773084 12S ribosomal RNA
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes Vv1 mitochondrial gene for 12S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence LC424764 12S ribosomal RNA
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus isolate FRT12 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial KM224240 12S ribosomal RNA
Phoca fasciata Phoca fasciata isolate 5888 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial GU174595 12S ribosomal RNA
Phoca largha Phoca largha isolate 06spotted03 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial GU174591 12S ribosomal RNA
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla 12S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; and tRNA-Val gene, complete sequence; mitochondrial AY012154 12S ribosomal RNA
Felis silvestris Felis silvestris voucher 77_Fe_sil cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial sequence; nuclear copy of mitochondrial gene KF297804 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Felis catus Felis catus voucher 191_Fe_cat cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial sequence; nuclear copy of mitochondrial gene KF297802 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Felis chaus Felis chaus cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial KJ634464 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes isolate MGL-60 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OP967903 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes corsac Vulpes corsac isolate MGL-36 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OP967720 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus isolate VL1 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial MT731651 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Alopex lagopus Alopex lagopus cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial AY894421 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes macrotis Vulpes macrotis cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, mitochondrial gene encoding mitochondrial protein, partial cds AF028205 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Vulpes zerda Vulpes zerda cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, mitochondrial gene encoding mitochondrial protein, partial cds AF028194 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina vitulina isolate Atlantic harbor seal D cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; tRNA-Ser and tRNA-Asp genes, complete sequence; and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2) gene, complete cds; mitochondrial GU733705 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla isolate ASIZFZ002032 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial OM220069 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Felis catus Felis catus growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205829 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes vulpes Vulpes vulpes growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885401 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes macrotis Vulpes macrotis growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885400 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes corsac Vulpes corsac growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885399 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes zerda Vulpes zerda growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885393 growth hormone receptor
Alopex lagopus Alopex lagopus growth hormone receptor gene, exon 10 and partial cds AY885379 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes velox Vulpes velox growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205838 growth hormone receptor
Vulpes lagopus Vulpes lagopus growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205837 growth hormone receptor
Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds GU931127 growth hormone receptor
Phoca largha Phoca largha growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205827 growth hormone receptor
Phoca groenlandica Phoca groenlandica growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, partial cds DQ205825 growth hormone receptor
Manis pentadactyla Manis pentadactyla growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, exon 10 and partial cds EU448992 growth hormone receptor

Now, since we’re going to retrieve sequences from genbank using an existing preliminary accession numbers table, we will use the sq.retrieve.indirect function in phruta. Please note that there are two versions of sq.retrieve.* in phruta . The one that we’re using in this tutorial, sq.retrieve.indirect, retrieves sequences “indirectly” because it necessarily follows the initial step of generating a table summarizing target accession numbers (see the acc.table.retrieve function above). I present the information in this vignette using sq.retrieve.indirect instead of sq.retrieve.direct because the first function is way more flexible. Specifically, it allows for correcting issues prior to downloading/retrieving any sequence. For instance, you can add new sequences, species, populations to the resulting data.frame from acc.table.retrieve. Additionally, you could even manually assemble your own dataset of accession numbers to be retrieved using sq.retrieve.indirect. Instead, sq.retrieve.direct does its best to directly (i.e. without input from the user) retrieve sequences for a target set of taxa and set of gene regions. In short, you should be able to catch errors using sq.retrieve.indirect but mistakes will be harder to spot and fix if you’re using sq.retrieve.direct.

Now, we still need to retrieve all the sequences from the accessions table generated using acc.table. Note that since we have specified download.sqs = FALSE, the sequences are returned in a list that is stored in your global environment. If we decide to download the sequences to our working directory using download.sqs = TRUE, phruta will write all the resulting fasta files into a newly created folder 0.Sequences located in our working directory. The latter option is covered in the “To export or not export `phruta` outputs” vignette.

sqs.downloaded <- sq.retrieve.indirect(acc.table = acc.table, download.sqs = FALSE)

We’re now going to make sure that we include only sequences that are reliable and from species that we are actually interested in analyzing. We’re going to use the sq.curate function for this. We will provide a list of taxonomic criteria to filter out incorrect sequences (filterTaxonomicCriteria argument). For instance, we could simply provide a vector of the genera that we’re interested in analyzing. Note that the outgroup’s name should also be included among the target taxa. If the taxonomic information for a sequence retrieved from genbank does not match with any of these strings, this species will be dropped. You will have to specify whether sampling is for animals or plants (kingdom argument). Finally, you might have already noticed that, sometimes, gene regions have alternative names. In our case, we are going to merge “cytochrome oxidase subunit 1” and “cytochrome c oxidase subunit I” into a single file named COI. To merge gene files during the curation step, you will have to provide a named list to the mergeGeneFiles argument of the sq.curate function. This named list (tb.merged in our tutorial) will have a length that equals the number of final files that will result from merging the target gene files. Note that, since we’re not downloading anything to our working directory, we need to pass our downloaded sequences (sqs.downloaded object generated above using the sq.retrieve.indirect function) to the sqs.object argument in sq.curate.

tb.merged <- list('COI' = c("cytochrome oxidase subunit 1", "cytochrome c oxidase subunit I"))
sqs.curated <- sq.curate(filterTaxonomicCriteria = 'Felis|Vulpes|Phoca|Manis',
                         mergeGeneFiles = tb.merged,
                         kingdom = 'animals', 
                         sqs.object = sqs.downloaded,
                         removeOutliers = FALSE)

Running the sq.curate function will create an object of class list that includes (1) the curated sequences with original names, (2) the curated sequences with species-level names (renamed_* prefix), (3) the accession numbers table (AccessionTable), and (4) a summary of taxonomic information for all the species sampled in the files (Taxonomy.csv).

4. Preliminary accession number table
OriginalNames AccN Species file OldSpecies
OL654361 Felis silvestris OL654361 Felis_silvestris cytochrome b Felis_silvestris
LC649705 Felis catus LC649705 Felis_catus cytochrome b Felis_catus
MN370575 Felis chaus MN370575 Felis_chaus cytochrome b Felis_chaus
MK606132 Felis margarita MK606132 Felis_margarita cytochrome b Felis_margarita
AY773081 Felis bieti AY773081 Felis_bieti cytochrome b Felis_bieti
MK244493 Vulpes vulpes MK244493 Vulpes_vulpes cytochrome b Vulpes_vulpes
MT795179 Vulpes corsac MT795179 Vulpes_corsac cytochrome b Vulpes_corsac
MH854561 Vulpes zerda MH854561 Vulpes_zerda cytochrome b Vulpes_zerda
KU378587 Vulpes cana KU378587 Vulpes_cana cytochrome b Vulpes_cana
KU378373 Vulpes rueppellii KU378373 Vulpes_rueppellii cytochrome b Vulpes_rueppellii
KX093945 Vulpes lagopus KX093945 Vulpes_lagopus cytochrome b Vulpes_lagopus
EU872065 Vulpes ferrilata EU872065 Vulpes_ferrilata cytochrome b Vulpes_ferrilata
AF028157 Vulpes macrotis AF028157 Vulpes_macrotis cytochrome b Vulpes_macrotis
KJ597964 Vulpes pallida KJ597964 Vulpes_pallida cytochrome b Vulpes_pallida
LC466149 Phoca largha LC466149 Phoca_largha cytochrome b Phoca_largha
GU174609 Phoca groenlandica GU174609 Pagophilus_groenlandicus cytochrome b Phoca_groenlandica
GU167294 Phoca fasciata GU167294 Histriophoca_fasciata cytochrome b Phoca_fasciata
L19127 Phoca vitulina L19127 Phoca_vitulina cytochrome b Phoca_vitulina
MW197469 Manis pentadactyla MW197469 Manis_pentadactyla cytochrome b Manis_pentadactyla
OL654361 Felis silvestris OL654361 Felis_silvestris NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Felis_silvestris
MN313781 Felis catus MN313781 Felis_catus NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Felis_catus
MK606132 Felis margarita MK606132 Felis_margarita NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Felis_margarita
GU561700 Felis chaus GU561700 Felis_chaus NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Felis_chaus
AF006400 Felis nigripes AF006400 Felis_nigripes NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Felis_nigripes
AH014073 Vulpes lagopus AH014073 Vulpes_lagopus NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Vulpes_lagopus
AY377376 Phoca groenlandica AY377376 Pagophilus_groenlandicus NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Phoca_groenlandica
GU167331 Phoca fasciata GU167331 Histriophoca_fasciata NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 Phoca_fasciata
KX786344 Felis catus KX786344 Felis_catus 12S ribosomal RNA Felis_catus
KU963205 Felis chaus KU963205 Felis_chaus 12S ribosomal RNA Felis_chaus
KX002032 Felis silvestris KX002032 Felis_silvestris 12S ribosomal RNA Felis_silvestris
AY773084 Felis bieti AY773084 Felis_bieti 12S ribosomal RNA Felis_bieti
LC424764 Vulpes vulpes LC424764 Vulpes_vulpes 12S ribosomal RNA Vulpes_vulpes
KM224240 Vulpes lagopus KM224240 Vulpes_lagopus 12S ribosomal RNA Vulpes_lagopus
GU174595 Phoca fasciata GU174595 Histriophoca_fasciata 12S ribosomal RNA Phoca_fasciata
GU174591 Phoca largha GU174591 Phoca_largha 12S ribosomal RNA Phoca_largha
AY012154 Manis pentadactyla AY012154 Manis_pentadactyla 12S ribosomal RNA Manis_pentadactyla
DQ205829 Felis catus DQ205829 Felis_catus growth hormone receptor Felis_catus
AY885401 Vulpes vulpes AY885401 Vulpes_vulpes growth hormone receptor Vulpes_vulpes
AY885400 Vulpes macrotis AY885400 Vulpes_macrotis growth hormone receptor Vulpes_macrotis
AY885399 Vulpes corsac AY885399 Vulpes_corsac growth hormone receptor Vulpes_corsac
AY885393 Vulpes zerda AY885393 Vulpes_zerda growth hormone receptor Vulpes_zerda
AY885379 Alopex lagopus AY885379 Vulpes_lagopus growth hormone receptor Alopex_lagopus
DQ205838 Vulpes velox DQ205838 Vulpes_velox growth hormone receptor Vulpes_velox
GU931127 Phoca vitulina GU931127 Phoca_vitulina growth hormone receptor Phoca_vitulina
DQ205827 Phoca largha DQ205827 Phoca_largha growth hormone receptor Phoca_largha
DQ205825 Phoca groenlandica DQ205825 Pagophilus_groenlandicus growth hormone receptor Phoca_groenlandica
EU448992 Manis pentadactyla EU448992 Manis_pentadactyla growth hormone receptor Manis_pentadactyla
MN124254 Felis catus MN124254 Felis_catus COI Felis_catus
KX012677 Felis nigripes KX012677 Felis_nigripes COI Felis_nigripes
KF297765 Felis margarita KF297765 Felis_margarita COI Felis_margarita
JF443560 Vulpes vulpes JF443560 Vulpes_vulpes COI Vulpes_vulpes
KX012672 Vulpes chama KX012672 Vulpes_chama COI Vulpes_chama
JF443554 Vulpes lagopus JF443554 Vulpes_lagopus COI Vulpes_lagopus
JF443557 Vulpes velox JF443557 Vulpes_velox COI Vulpes_velox
JF443364 Phoca vitulina JF443364 Phoca_vitulina COI Phoca_vitulina
JF443363 Phoca largha JF443363 Phoca_largha COI Phoca_largha
JF443362 Phoca groenlandica JF443362 Pagophilus_groenlandicus COI Phoca_groenlandica
KT428152 Manis pentadactyla KT428152 Manis_pentadactyla COI Manis_pentadactyla
KF297804 Felis silvestris KF297804 Felis_silvestris COI Felis_silvestris
KJ634464 Felis chaus KJ634464 Felis_chaus COI Felis_chaus
OP967720 Vulpes corsac OP967720 Vulpes_corsac COI Vulpes_corsac
AF028205 Vulpes macrotis AF028205 Vulpes_macrotis COI Vulpes_macrotis
AF028194 Vulpes zerda AF028194 Vulpes_zerda COI Vulpes_zerda

Now, we’ll align the sequences that we just curated. For this, we just use sq.aln with default parameters. We’re again passing the output from sq.curate, sqs.curated, using the sqs.object argument in sq.aln.

sqs.aln <- sq.aln(sqs.object = sqs.curated)

The resulting multiple sequence alignments will be saved to sqs.aln object, a list. For each of the gene regions, we will have access to the original alignment (Aln.Original), the masked one (Aln.Masked), and information on the masking process.

Note that we could use these resulting alignments to infer phylogenies. We cover these steps within phruta in another vignette: “Phylogenetics with the phruta R package”. For now, let’s wrap up and plot one of our cool alignments. Let’s first check the raw alignments.

A figure showing raw alignments

Now, the masked alignments…

A figure showing curated alignments

Note that you could share the resulting workspace with your coworkers or add it to the supplement to your article!! In total, this script took 11 minutes to run in my local machine. You can now try to run phruta in your favorite group organisms! Don’t forget to check the other tutorials…Buena suerte!

Guardando objetos intermedios

Note that this current vignette is structured such that the functions used in this tutorial won’t not write anything to your working directory. An advantage of this approach is that you could simply save the workspace and make your pipeline fully reproducible to others. However, sometimes the molecular dataset is simply to large to be analyzed in R. For those cases, phruta is able to export the relevant files into folder that are created within the working directory. If you’re interested in saving partial outputs, please follow the Exporting sequences using the phruta R package vignette associated to this package.