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Declare a target.

Source: R/tar_target.R
tar_target.Rd

A target is a single step of computation in a pipeline. It runs an R command and returns a value. This value gets treated as an R object that can be used by the commands of targets downstream. Targets that are already up to date are skipped. See the user manual for more details.

Usage

tar_target(
  name,
  command,
  pattern = NULL,
  tidy_eval = targets::tar_option_get("tidy_eval"),
  packages = targets::tar_option_get("packages"),
  library = targets::tar_option_get("library"),
  format = targets::tar_option_get("format"),
  repository = targets::tar_option_get("repository"),
  iteration = targets::tar_option_get("iteration"),
  error = targets::tar_option_get("error"),
  memory = targets::tar_option_get("memory"),
  garbage_collection = targets::tar_option_get("garbage_collection"),
  deployment = targets::tar_option_get("deployment"),
  priority = targets::tar_option_get("priority"),
  resources = targets::tar_option_get("resources"),
  storage = targets::tar_option_get("storage"),
  retrieval = targets::tar_option_get("retrieval"),
  cue = targets::tar_option_get("cue")
)

Arguments

name

Symbol, name of the target. A target name must be a valid name for a symbol in R, and it must not start with a dot. Subsequent targets can refer to this name symbolically to induce a dependency relationship: e.g. tar_target(downstream_target, f(upstream_target)) is a target named downstream_target which depends on a target upstream_target and a function f(). In addition, a target's name determines its random number generator seed. In this way, each target runs with a reproducible seed so someone else running the same pipeline should get the same results, and no two targets in the same pipeline share the same seed. (Even dynamic branches have different names and thus different seeds.) You can recover the seed of a completed target with tar_meta(your_target, seed) and run tar_seed_set() on the result to locally recreate the target's initial RNG state.

command

R code to run the target.

pattern

Language to define branching for a target. For example, in a pipeline with numeric vector targets x and y, tar_target(z, x + y, pattern = map(x, y)) implicitly defines branches of z that each compute x[1] + y[1], x[2] + y[2], and so on. See the user manual for details.

tidy_eval

Logical, whether to enable tidy evaluation when interpreting command and pattern. If TRUE, you can use the "bang-bang" operator !! to programmatically insert the values of global objects.

packages

Character vector of packages to load right before the target runs or the output data is reloaded for downstream targets. Use tar_option_set() to set packages globally for all subsequent targets you define.

library

Character vector of library paths to try when loading packages.

format

Optional storage format for the target's return value. With the exception of format = "file", each target gets a file in _targets/objects, and each format is a different way to save and load this file. See the "Storage formats" section for a detailed list of possible data storage formats.

repository

Character of length 1, remote repository for target storage. Choices:

Note: if repository is not "local" and format is "file" then the target should create a single output file. That output file is uploaded to the cloud and tracked for changes where it exists in the cloud. The local file is deleted after the target runs.

iteration

Character of length 1, name of the iteration mode of the target. Choices:

  • "vector": branching happens with vctrs::vec_slice() and aggregation happens with vctrs::vec_c().

  • "list", branching happens with [[]] and aggregation happens with list().

  • "group": dplyr::group_by()-like functionality to branch over subsets of a data frame. The target's return value must be a data frame with a special tar_group column of consecutive integers from 1 through the number of groups. Each integer designates a group, and a branch is created for each collection of rows in a group. See the tar_group() function to see how you can create the special tar_group column with dplyr::group_by().

error

Character of length 1, what to do if the target stops and throws an error. Options:

  • "stop": the whole pipeline stops and throws an error.

  • "continue": the whole pipeline keeps going.

  • "abridge": any currently running targets keep running, but no new targets launch after that. (Visit https://books.ropensci.org/targets/debugging.html to learn how to debug targets using saved workspaces.)

  • "null": The errored target continues and returns NULL. The data hash is deliberately wrong so the target is not up to date for the next run of the pipeline.

memory

Character of length 1, memory strategy. If "persistent", the target stays in memory until the end of the pipeline (unless storage is "worker", in which case targets unloads the value from memory right after storing it in order to avoid sending copious data over a network). If "transient", the target gets unloaded after every new target completes. Either way, the target gets automatically loaded into memory whenever another target needs the value. For cloud-based dynamic files (e.g. format = "file" with repository = "aws"), this memory strategy applies to the temporary local copy of the file: "persistent" means it remains until the end of the pipeline and is then deleted, and "transient" means it gets deleted as soon as possible. The former conserves bandwidth, and the latter conserves local storage.

garbage_collection

Logical, whether to run base::gc() just before the target runs.

deployment

Character of length 1, only relevant to tar_make_clustermq() and tar_make_future(). If "worker", the target runs on a parallel worker. If "main", the target runs on the host machine / process managing the pipeline.

priority

Numeric of length 1 between 0 and 1. Controls which targets get deployed first when multiple competing targets are ready simultaneously. Targets with priorities closer to 1 get dispatched earlier (and polled earlier in tar_make_future()).

resources

Object returned by tar_resources() with optional settings for high-performance computing functionality, alternative data storage formats, and other optional capabilities of targets. See tar_resources() for details.

storage

Character of length 1, only relevant to tar_make_clustermq() and tar_make_future(). Must be one of the following values:

  • "main": the target's return value is sent back to the host machine and saved/uploaded locally.

  • "worker": the worker saves/uploads the value.

  • "none": almost never recommended. It is only for niche situations, e.g. the data needs to be loaded explicitly from another language. If you do use it, then the return value of the target is totally ignored when the target ends, but each downstream target still attempts to load the data file (except when retrieval = "none").

    If you select storage = "none", then the return value of the target's command is ignored, and the data is not saved automatically. As with dynamic files (format = "file") it is the responsibility of the user to write to the data store from inside the target.

    The distinguishing feature of storage = "none" (as opposed to format = "file") is that in the general case, downstream targets will automatically try to load the data from the data store as a dependency. As a corollary, storage = "none" is completely unnecessary if format is "file".

retrieval

Character of length 1, only relevant to tar_make_clustermq() and tar_make_future(). Must be one of the following values:

  • "main": the target's dependencies are loaded on the host machine and sent to the worker before the target runs.

  • "worker": the worker loads the targets dependencies.

  • "none": the dependencies are not loaded at all. This choice is almost never recommended. It is only for niche situations, e.g. the data needs to be loaded explicitly from another language.

cue

An optional object from tar_cue() to customize the rules that decide whether the target is up to date.

Value

A target object. Users should not modify these directly, just feed them to list() in your target script file (default: _targets.R).

Target objects

Functions like tar_target() produce target objects, special objects with specialized sets of S3 classes. Target objects represent skippable steps of the analysis pipeline as described at https://books.ropensci.org/targets/. Please read the walkthrough at https://books.ropensci.org/targets/walkthrough.html to understand the role of target objects in analysis pipelines.

For developers, https://wlandau.github.io/targetopia/contributing.html#target-factories explains target factories (functions like this one which generate targets) and the design specification at https://books.ropensci.org/targets-design/ details the structure and composition of target objects.

Storage formats

  • "rds": Default, uses saveRDS() and readRDS(). Should work for most objects, but slow.

  • "qs": Uses qs::qsave() and qs::qread(). Should work for most objects, much faster than "rds". Optionally set the preset for qsave() through tar_resources() and tar_resources_qs().

  • "feather": Uses arrow::write_feather() and arrow::read_feather() (version 2.0). Much faster than "rds", but the value must be a data frame. Optionally set compression and compression_level in arrow::write_feather() through tar_resources() and tar_resources_feather(). Requires the arrow package (not installed by default).

  • "parquet": Uses arrow::write_parquet() and arrow::read_parquet() (version 2.0). Much faster than "rds", but the value must be a data frame. Optionally set compression and compression_level in arrow::write_parquet() through tar_resources() and tar_resources_parquet(). Requires the arrow package (not installed by default).

  • "fst": Uses fst::write_fst() and fst::read_fst(). Much faster than "rds", but the value must be a data frame. Optionally set the compression level for fst::write_fst() through tar_resources() and tar_resources_fst(). Requires the fst package (not installed by default).

  • "fst_dt": Same as "fst", but the value is a data.table. Deep copies are made as appropriate in order to protect against the global effects of in-place modification. Optionally set the compression level the same way as for "fst".

  • "fst_tbl": Same as "fst", but the value is a tibble. Optionally set the compression level the same way as for "fst".

  • "keras": superseded by tar_format() and incompatible with error = "null" (in tar_target() or tar_option_set()). Uses keras::save_model_hdf5() and keras::load_model_hdf5(). The value must be a Keras model. Requires the keras package (not installed by default).

  • "torch": superseded by tar_format() and incompatible with error = "null" (in tar_target() or tar_option_set()). Uses torch::torch_save() and torch::torch_load(). The value must be an object from the torch package such as a tensor or neural network module. Requires the torch package (not installed by default).

  • "file": A dynamic file. To use this format, the target needs to manually identify or save some data and return a character vector of paths to the data (must be a single file path if repository is not "local"). (These paths must be existing files and nonempty directories.) Then, targets automatically checks those files and cues the appropriate run/skip decisions if those files are out of date. Those paths must point to files or directories, and they must not contain characters | or *. All the files and directories you return must actually exist, or else targets will throw an error. (And if storage is "worker", targets will first stall out trying to wait for the file to arrive over a network file system.) If the target does not create any files, the return value should be character(0).

    If repository is not "local" and format is "file", then the character vector returned by the target must be of length 1 and point to a single file. (Directories and vectors of multiple file paths are not supported for dynamic files on the cloud.) That output file is uploaded to the cloud and tracked for changes where it exists in the cloud. The local file is deleted after the target runs.

    To check if the file is up to date, targets avoids timestamps and always recomputes the hash. If you find this to be too slow, and if you trust the time stamps on your file system (see the trust_object_timestamps argument of tar_option_set()), then consider format = "file_fast" instead.

  • "file_fast": same as format = "file", except that targets uses time stamps to check if a file is up to date. If the time stamp of the file agrees with the time stamp in the metadata, the file is considered up to date. Otherwise, targets recomputes the hash of the file to make a final determination. Low-precision timestamps are not reliable for this, and some file systems have timestamp precision as poor as 2 seconds. See the trust_object_timestamps argument of tar_option_set() for advice on this.

  • "url": A dynamic input URL. For this storage format, repository is implicitly "local", URL format is like format = "file" except the return value of the target is a URL that already exists and serves as input data for downstream targets. Optionally supply a custom curl handle through tar_resources() and tar_resources_url(). in new_handle(), nobody = TRUE is important because it ensures targets just downloads the metadata instead of the entire data file when it checks time stamps and hashes. The data file at the URL needs to have an ETag or a Last-Modified time stamp, or else the target will throw an error because it cannot track the data. Also, use extreme caution when trying to use format = "url" to track uploads. You must be absolutely certain the ETag and Last-Modified time stamp are fully updated and available by the time the target's command finishes running. targets makes no attempt to wait for the web server.

  • A custom format can be supplied with tar_format(). For this choice, it is the user's responsibility to provide methods for (un)serialization and (un)marshaling the return value of the target.

  • The formats starting with "aws_" are deprecated as of 2022-03-13 (targets version > 0.10.0). For cloud storage integration, use the repository argument instead.

See also

Other targets: tar_cue(), tar_format(), tar_target_raw()

Examples

# Defining targets does not run them.
data <- tar_target(target_name, get_data(), packages = "tidyverse")
analysis <- tar_target(analysis, analyze(x), pattern = map(x))
# Pipelines accept targets.
pipeline <- list(data, analysis)
# Tidy evaluation
tar_option_set(envir = environment())
n_rows <- 30L
data <- tar_target(target_name, get_data(!!n_rows))
print(data)
#> <tar_stem> 
#>   name: target_name 
#>   command:
#>     get_data(30L) 
#>   format: rds 
#>   repository: local 
#>   iteration method: vector 
#>   error mode: stop 
#>   memory mode: persistent 
#>   storage mode: main 
#>   retrieval mode: main 
#>   deployment mode: worker 
#>   priority: 0 
#>   resources:
#>     list() 
#>   cue:
#>     mode: thorough
#>     command: TRUE
#>     depend: TRUE
#>     format: TRUE
#>     repository: TRUE
#>     iteration: TRUE
#>     file: TRUE
#>     seed: TRUE 
#>   packages:
#>     targets
#>     stats
#>     graphics
#>     grDevices
#>     utils
#>     datasets
#>     methods
#>     base 
#>   library:
#>     NULL
# Disable tidy evaluation:
data <- tar_target(target_name, get_data(!!n_rows), tidy_eval = FALSE)
print(data)
#> <tar_stem> 
#>   name: target_name 
#>   command:
#>     get_data(!!n_rows) 
#>   format: rds 
#>   repository: local 
#>   iteration method: vector 
#>   error mode: stop 
#>   memory mode: persistent 
#>   storage mode: main 
#>   retrieval mode: main 
#>   deployment mode: worker 
#>   priority: 0 
#>   resources:
#>     list() 
#>   cue:
#>     mode: thorough
#>     command: TRUE
#>     depend: TRUE
#>     format: TRUE
#>     repository: TRUE
#>     iteration: TRUE
#>     file: TRUE
#>     seed: TRUE 
#>   packages:
#>     targets
#>     stats
#>     graphics
#>     grDevices
#>     utils
#>     datasets
#>     methods
#>     base 
#>   library:
#>     NULL
tar_option_reset()
# In a pipeline:
if (identical(Sys.getenv("TAR_EXAMPLES"), "true")) { # for CRAN
tar_dir({ # tar_dir() runs code from a temp dir for CRAN.
tar_script(tar_target(x, 1 + 1), ask = FALSE)
tar_make()
tar_read(x)
})
}