The Open Access subset of Pubmed Central (PMC) includes 2.5 million articles from biomedical and life sciences journals. The full text XML files are freely available for text mining from the REST service or FTP site but can be challenging to parse. For example, section tags are nested to arbitrary depths, formulas and tables may return incomprehensible text blobs and superscripted references are pasted at the end of words. The functions in the tidypmc package are intended to return readable text and maintain the document structure, so gene names and other terms can be associated with specific sections, paragraphs, sentences or table rows.
Load XML
Download a single XML document like PMC2231364 from the REST service using the pmc_xml function.
library(tidypmc)
library(tidyverse)
doc <- pmc_xml("PMC2231364")
doc
# {xml_document}
# <article article-type="research-article" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
# [1] <front>\n <journal-meta>\n <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Microbiol</journal-id ...
# [2] <body>\n <sec>\n <title>Background</title>\n <p><italic>Yersinia pestis </italic>is th ...
# [3] <back>\n <ack>\n <sec>\n <title>Acknowledgements</title>\n <p>We thank Dr. Chen ...The europepmc package includes additional functions to search PMC and download full text. Be sure to include the OPEN_ACCESS field in the search since these are the only articles with full text XML available.
library(europepmc)
yp <- epmc_search("title:(Yersinia pestis virulence) OPEN_ACCESS:Y")
# 19 records found, returning 19
select(yp, pmcid, pubYear, title) %>%
print(n=5)
# # A tibble: 19 x 3
# pmcid pubYear title
# <chr> <chr> <chr>
# 1 PMC5505154 2017 Crystal structure of Yersinia pestis virulence factor YfeA reveals two polyspe…
# 2 PMC3521224 2012 Omics strategies for revealing Yersinia pestis virulence.
# 3 PMC2704395 2009 Involvement of the post-transcriptional regulator Hfq in Yersinia pestis virul…
# 4 PMC2736372 2009 The NlpD lipoprotein is a novel Yersinia pestis virulence factor essential for…
# 5 PMC3109262 2011 A comprehensive study on the role of the Yersinia pestis virulence markers in …
# # … with 14 more rowsSave all 19 results to a list of XML documents using the epmc_ftxt or pmc_xml function.
docs <- map(yp$pmcid, epmc_ftxt)See the PMC FTP vignette for details on parsing the large XML files on the FTP site with 10,000 articles each.
Parse XML
The package includes five functions to parse the xml_document.
| R function | Description |
|---|---|
pmc_text |
Split section paragraphs into sentences with full path to subsection titles |
pmc_caption |
Split figure, table and supplementary material captions into sentences |
pmc_table |
Convert table nodes into a list of tibbles |
pmc_reference |
Format references cited into a tibble |
pmc_metadata |
List journal and article metadata in front node |
The pmc_text function uses the tokenizers package to split section paragraphs into sentences. The function also removes any tables, figures or formulas that are nested within paragraph tags, replaces superscripted references with brackets, adds carets and underscores to other superscripts and subscripts and includes the full path to the subsection title.
txt <- pmc_text(doc)
# Note: removing disp-formula nested in sec/p tag
txt
# # A tibble: 194 x 4
# section paragraph sentence text
# <chr> <int> <int> <chr>
# 1 Title 1 1 Comparative transcriptomics in Yersinia pestis: a global view of environment…
# 2 Abstract 1 1 Environmental modulation of gene expression in Yersinia pestis is critical f…
# 3 Abstract 1 2 Using cDNA microarray technology, we have analyzed the global gene expressio…
# 4 Abstract 2 1 To provide us with a comprehensive view of environmental modulation of globa…
# 5 Abstract 2 2 Almost all known virulence genes of Y. pestis were differentially regulated …
# 6 Abstract 2 3 Clustering enabled us to functionally classify co-expressed genes, including…
# 7 Abstract 2 4 Collections of operons were predicted from the microarray data, and some of …
# 8 Abstract 2 5 Several regulatory DNA motifs, probably recognized by the regulatory protein…
# 9 Abstract 3 1 The comparative transcriptomics analysis we present here not only benefits o…
# 10 Background 1 1 Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague, alternatively growing in…
# # … with 184 more rows
count(txt, section, sort=TRUE)
# # A tibble: 21 x 2
# section n
# <chr> <int>
# 1 Results and Discussion; Clustering analysis and functional classification of co-expressed gene clust… 22
# 2 Background 20
# 3 Results and Discussion; Virulence genes in response to multiple environmental stresses 20
# 4 Methods; Collection of microarray expression data 17
# 5 Results and Discussion; Computational discovery of regulatory DNA motifs 16
# 6 Methods; Gel mobility shift analysis of Fur binding 13
# 7 Results and Discussion; Verification of predicted operons by RT-PCR 10
# 8 Abstract 8
# 9 Methods; Discovery of regulatory DNA motifs 8
# 10 Methods; Clustering analysis 7
# # … with 11 more rowsLoad the tidytext package for further text processing.
library(tidytext)
x1 <- unnest_tokens(txt, word, text) %>%
anti_join(stop_words) %>%
filter(!word %in% 1:100)
# Joining, by = "word"
filter(x1, str_detect(section, "^Results"))
# # A tibble: 1,269 x 4
# section paragraph sentence word
# <chr> <int> <int> <chr>
# 1 Results and Discussion 1 1 comprehensive
# 2 Results and Discussion 1 1 analysis
# 3 Results and Discussion 1 1 sets
# 4 Results and Discussion 1 1 microarray
# 5 Results and Discussion 1 1 expression
# 6 Results and Discussion 1 1 data
# 7 Results and Discussion 1 1 dissect
# 8 Results and Discussion 1 1 bacterial
# 9 Results and Discussion 1 1 adaptation
# 10 Results and Discussion 1 1 environments
# # … with 1,259 more rows
filter(x1, str_detect(section, "^Results")) %>%
count(word, sort = TRUE)
# # A tibble: 595 x 2
# word n
# <chr> <int>
# 1 genes 45
# 2 cluster 24
# 3 expression 21
# 4 pestis 21
# 5 data 19
# 6 dna 15
# 7 gene 15
# 8 figure 13
# 9 fur 12
# 10 operons 12
# # … with 585 more rowsThe pmc_table function formats tables by collapsing multiline headers, expanding rowspan and colspan attributes and adding subheadings into a new column.
tbls <- pmc_table(doc)
# Parsing 4 tables
# Adding footnotes to Table 1
map_int(tbls, nrow)
# Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4
# 39 23 4 34
tbls[[1]]
# # A tibble: 39 x 5
# subheading `Potential operon (r va… `Gene ID` `Putative or predicted functi… `Reference (s)`
# <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
# 1 Iron uptake or heme sy… yfeABCD operon* (r > 0.… YPO2439-24… Transport/binding chelated ir… yfeABCD [54]
# 2 Iron uptake or heme sy… hmuRSTUV operon (r > 0.… YPO0279-02… Transport/binding hemin hmuRSTUV [55]
# 3 Iron uptake or heme sy… ysuJIHG* (r > 0.95) YPO1529-15… Iron uptake -
# 4 Iron uptake or heme sy… sufABCDS* (r > 0.90) YPO2400-24… Iron-regulated Fe-S cluster a… -
# 5 Iron uptake or heme sy… YPO1854-1856* (r > 0.97) YPO1854-18… Iron uptake or heme synthesis? -
# 6 Sulfur metabolism tauABCD operon (r > 0.9… YPO0182-01… Transport/binding taurine tauABCD [56]
# 7 Sulfur metabolism ssuEADCB operon (r > 0.… YPO3623-36… Sulphur metabolism ssu operon [57]
# 8 Sulfur metabolism cys operon (r > 0.92) YPO3010-30… Cysteine synthesis -
# 9 Sulfur metabolism YPO1317-1319 (r > 0.97) YPO1317-13… Sulfur metabolism? -
# 10 Sulfur metabolism YPO4109-4111 (r > 0.90) YPO4109-41… Sulfur metabolism? -
# # … with 29 more rowsUse collapse_rows to join column names and cell values in a semi-colon delimited string (and then search using functions in the next section).
collapse_rows(tbls, na.string="-")
# # A tibble: 100 x 3
# table row text
# <chr> <int> <chr>
# 1 Table 1 1 subheading=Iron uptake or heme synthesis; Potential operon (r value)=yfeABCD operon* (r > 0.…
# 2 Table 1 2 subheading=Iron uptake or heme synthesis; Potential operon (r value)=hmuRSTUV operon (r > 0.…
# 3 Table 1 3 subheading=Iron uptake or heme synthesis; Potential operon (r value)=ysuJIHG* (r > 0.95); Ge…
# 4 Table 1 4 subheading=Iron uptake or heme synthesis; Potential operon (r value)=sufABCDS* (r > 0.90); G…
# 5 Table 1 5 subheading=Iron uptake or heme synthesis; Potential operon (r value)=YPO1854-1856* (r > 0.97…
# 6 Table 1 6 subheading=Sulfur metabolism; Potential operon (r value)=tauABCD operon (r > 0.90); Gene ID=…
# 7 Table 1 7 subheading=Sulfur metabolism; Potential operon (r value)=ssuEADCB operon (r > 0.97); Gene ID…
# 8 Table 1 8 subheading=Sulfur metabolism; Potential operon (r value)=cys operon (r > 0.92); Gene ID=YPO3…
# 9 Table 1 9 subheading=Sulfur metabolism; Potential operon (r value)=YPO1317-1319 (r > 0.97); Gene ID=YP…
# 10 Table 1 10 subheading=Sulfur metabolism; Potential operon (r value)=YPO4109-4111 (r > 0.90); Gene ID=YP…
# # … with 90 more rowsThe other three pmc functions are described in the package vignette.
Searching text
There are a few functions to search within the pmc_text or collapsed pmc_table output. separate_text uses the stringr package to extract any regular expression or vector of words.
separate_text(txt, "[ATCGN]{5,}")
# # A tibble: 9 x 5
# match section paragraph sentence text
# <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <chr>
# 1 ACGCAATCGTT… Results and Discussion; Comput… 2 3 A 16 basepair (bp) box (5'-ACGCAATCGTTTTCNT…
# 2 AAACGTTTNCGT Results and Discussion; Comput… 2 4 It is very similar to the E. coli PurR box …
# 3 TGATAATGATT… Results and Discussion; Comput… 2 5 A 21 bp box (5'-TGATAATGATTATCATTATCA-3') w…
# 4 GATAATGATAA… Results and Discussion; Comput… 2 6 It is a 10-1-10 inverted repeat that resemb…
# 5 TGANNNNNNTC… Results and Discussion; Comput… 2 7 A 15 bp box (5'-TGANNNNNNTCAA-3') was found…
# 6 TTGATN Results and Discussion; Comput… 2 8 It is a part of the E. coli Fnr box (5'-AAW…
# 7 NATCAA Results and Discussion; Comput… 2 8 It is a part of the E. coli Fnr box (5'-AAW…
# 8 GTTAATTAA Results and Discussion; Comput… 3 4 The ArcA regulator can recognize a relative…
# 9 GTTAATTAATGT Results and Discussion; Comput… 3 5 An ArcA-box-like sequence (5'-GTTAATTAATGT-…A few wrappers search pre-defined patterns and add an extra step to expand matched ranges. separate_refs matches references within brackets using \\[[0-9, -]+\\] and expands ranges like [7-9].
separate_refs(txt)
# # A tibble: 93 x 6
# id match section paragraph sentence text
# <dbl> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <chr>
# 1 1 [1] Backgrou… 1 1 Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague, alternatively…
# 2 2 [2] Backgrou… 1 3 To produce a transmissible infection, Y. pestis colonizes the fle…
# 3 3 [3] Backgrou… 1 9 However, a few bacilli are taken up by tissue macrophages, provid…
# 4 4 [4,5] Backgrou… 1 10 Residence in this niche also facilitates the bacteria's resistanc…
# 5 5 [4,5] Backgrou… 1 10 Residence in this niche also facilitates the bacteria's resistanc…
# 6 6 [6] Backgrou… 2 1 A DNA microarray is able to determine simultaneous changes in all…
# 7 7 [7-9] Backgrou… 2 2 We and others have measured the gene expression profiles of Y. pe…
# 8 8 [7-9] Backgrou… 2 2 We and others have measured the gene expression profiles of Y. pe…
# 9 9 [7-9] Backgrou… 2 2 We and others have measured the gene expression profiles of Y. pe…
# 10 10 [10] Backgrou… 2 2 We and others have measured the gene expression profiles of Y. pe…
# # … with 83 more rowsseparate_genes will find microbial genes like tauD (with a capitalized 4th letter) and expand operons like tauABCD into four genes. separate_tags will find and expand locus tag ranges below.
collapse_rows(tbls, na="-") %>%
separate_tags("YPO") %>%
filter(id == "YPO1855")
# # A tibble: 3 x 5
# id match table row text
# <chr> <chr> <chr> <int> <chr>
# 1 YPO1855 YPO1854-1856 Table… 5 subheading=Iron uptake or heme synthesis; Potential operon (r value)=YPO1…
# 2 YPO1855 YPO1854-1856 Table… 21 subheading=Category C: Hypothetical; Gene ID=YPO1854-1856; Description=Pu…
# 3 YPO1855 YPO1854-YPO… Table… 2 Cluster=Cluster II; Genes or operons for motif discovery=hmuRSTUV, YPO068…See the vignette for more details including code to parse XML documents using the xml2 package. The PMC FTP vignette has details on parsing XML files at the Europe PMC FTP site.
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